Historically,
Native Americans' lives were shaped by their spiritual
beliefs. Most Native people believed that they were connected
to every other element of creation. Each animal, tree,
or rock had its own spirit through which an individual
could establish contact with the spirit world. The survival
and well-being of Native people was dependent on maintaining
harmony with the earth.
According
to Native American spirituality, everything is imbued
with spirit and there is a constant dialogue between all
of these manifestations of creation. In order to survive,
human beings must understand this dialogue, and they must
be careful not to insult the spirits of the wind, or the
earth. Native American beliefs stress the mutuality and
interdependence between people and other forms of life.
There is a mutual respectfulness required when interacting
with trees, birds, and plants, as well as natural forces
such as the wind and the rain.
Native
Americans' creation myths also portray a different understanding
about the place humans occupy vis-à-vis their animal,
plant and mineral co-inhabitants of the earth. Rather
than being given 'dominion' over all other creatures --
the animals, plants and minerals are companions to learn
from and live with.
Many
Native American people traditionally believe in a spiritual
realm that exists beyond the tangible world. Access to
this spiritual world is gained through dreams, visions,
and ceremonies. Many Native people also believe in a single
creative force. The name for this spiritual force varies
from one group to another: it is called orenda (Or-END-a)
by the Iroquois, manitou (MAN-e-too) by the Algonquin,
and wakan (wah-KON) by the Lakota.
Although
most native peoples worshiped an all-powerful, all-knowing
Creator or "Master Spirit and believed in the immortality
of the human soul and an afterlife -- there were real
differences that must be kept in mind between the religious
cultures of Indians and early modern Europeans (and Euro-Americans).
The
most important idea is that Indians did not distinguish
between the natural and the supernatural. On the contrary,
Native Americans perceived the "material" and
"spiritual" as a unified realm of being kind
of extended kinship network. In their view, plants, animals
and humans partook of divinity through their close connection
with "guardian spirits," a myriad of "supernatural"
entities who imbued their "natural" kin with
life and power.
By
contrast, Protestant and Catholic traditions were more
inclined to emphasize the gulf that separated the pure,
spiritual beings in heaven. God, the angels and saints
were separate from sinful men and women who were tragically
mired in a profane world filled with temptation and evil.
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